A Comparison of Schools in the U.S. and Japan Essay -- Essays Papers J

A Comparison of Schools in the U.S. and Japan In Japanese schools, from elementary schools to universities, teachers direct what students should do or how they should be. Students follow the school rules and the directions of teachers. In American schools, on the other hand, students have to be more independent than Japanese students in many ways. Because of differences between Japanese and American schools, Japanese students who begin to study in an American school are shocked, and they take a pretty long time to adjust themselves to the way of American schools. Differences between schools in the two countries are seen in classrooms and during classes: the style of lectures, the relationship between student and teachers, and the style of examinations. First, many Japanese students are surprised by American schools because American students pay much attention to teachers, and also they interrupt teachers to ask questions or to express their opinions. The style of teaching in the U.S. is completely different from Japan, especially in two points. One difference is that teachers in Japan expect students to be quiet in classes. In general, teachers explain the content of textbooks, hand-outs, and other materials. But in American schools, teachers think class participation is very important, and they require students to give their opinions or ask questions in classes. Another difference is that teachers in Japan write down important things on a blackboard, but teachers in the U.S. seldom write everything; they just explain orally. Japanese students are very quiet during classes, and all they do is listen to teachers and copy what teachers write on blackboards. They seldom ask questions during classes but ask friends or teac... ... classes. School systems, including grading systems and examination styles, in Japan and the U.S. are quite different. Also, the relationship between students and teachers is completely different. Most Japanese students who transfer from Japanese schools to American schools, or who go to an American school after they graduate from a Japanese school, may be shocked by the new and different systems and the relationship to their teachers. For Japanese students, the way of American schools seems very difficult--to attend classes, to study, and to understand the system itself--but they also notice that they can study and live to the fullest as a student, as they talk or argue for or against other students or teachers in the classes. Also, they can get satisfaction from learning and understanding every class through the relationship between teachers and other students.

Community Base Correction Essay

Community based correction is a more effective means of criminal punishment in comparison to incarceration. Community based corrections is a program which supervises people who have been convicted or are facing conviction. It is a non-incarcerate system of correction. These offenders have been convicted or are facing conviction. Some offenders have entered these programs before being in jail and some serve a part of their sentence in jail before entering the program. Community corrections have gained acceptance across the United States as a response to the growing costs of traditional correctional settings. Their increased use is based on the fact that such programs are generally cheaper, because they entail shorter periods of control, but also thought to be more effective than residential prisons and jails in reducing future criminal behavior. In Ohio, community-based alternatives to prison were established in HB 1000, also known as the Community Corrections Act (CCA). Under this bi ll, non-residential prison alternatives were established that would allow lower level felons to be diverted from expensive state penal institutions into cheaper community based programs. Over time, community alternatives expanded across the state and became an integral part of the correctional scene. By FiscalYear 2000, CCA programs expanded to 85 of Ohio’s 88 counties. Typically, these facilities and programs house non-violent, first and second time offenders who might be sentenced to prison if not for the community alternative. It is reported that in 2000, over 8,698 offenders were diverted from the state prison system and 18,344 offenders from local jails (Ohio DRC website). According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Ohio has a smaller proportion of its correctional population in prison and jail than other states in the mid-West, and the nation (Glaze, 2002), and this may be  reflective of the state use of community corrections systems. Currently, community based alternatives to prison are either state run programs, or county run programs that are subsidized by the state. There are also nonprofit organizations throughout the state that administer prog rams such as halfway houses, which are also subsidized by the state. Nationwide, however, there is an expanding notion of community corrections that goes beyond the concept of sending offenders to locked facilities: More and more states and communities are experimenting with less and less restrictive forms of supervision and treatment, and are seeing treatment programs as part of a vital system that rehabilitates offenders. These programs help to maintain public safety through a balanced use of secure detention, corrections and community based alternatives because they help to reduce facility crowding. Community Corrections programs are programs designed to divert offenders from incarceration by providing alternatives to prison and help reduce jail overcrowding. They are there to support the offenders to intermingle with the community while being monitored in their activities. Community based corrections consists of probation, intermediate sanction, parole and re-entry programs. Parole and probation have always been a way of community based correction s. In recent years with the technological advancement and considering the psychology of convicted people, correction programs have widened to accommodate work releases, day fine programs, electronic monitoring, home confinement, community service, half way houses, boot camp prisons, restitution, check-in programs, mediation, curfews, restorative justice centers, drug checks, alcohol checks and other methods where there is a certain level of trust between the offenders and the people involved. Jail affects a person psychologically and he or she can lose his self-esteem which eventually leads to disinterest in normal life. Many jail inmates who are there for petty reasons turn to become hard core criminals with the company they get in jails. There are thousands of people in jails and more than 5 times are on probation or parole at any given point of time. ‘Jails were never made for people, it were made for crimes,’ says a famous crime based fiction writer. It is not that jail authorities want to solve the problem of overcrowding of jails through community based correction. However  it is one of the minor reasons which lead to the start of these methods of correction. Society has valid and legitimate reasons to stay away from offenders but this may turn them towards crime again. Almost one quarter of people who have spent time in jails return mostly with the same kind of offence or some other type of anti-social activities. Braithwaite put forth the philosophy of restorative justice which advocates a change of behavior of convicts through holistic methods. It works on the principle of reintegration. It is like helping offenders to enter the society in a way where they can be accepted by the society. This system has its impact on the society in general as well, as it helps the society understand and accept the fact that offenders are also a part of the society. There are some offenders who enter the community based correction programs without entering jails and some serve a part of their sentence in jail before entering the program. We all commit mistakes and get an opportunity to learn and same goes for offenders. The process of learning starts when the person involved comes to know his mistake and accepts it. Eventually, the process may be difficult but it has helped many people, which gives a positive signal for other offenders. In conclusion, community based correction programs are more effective than institutional corrections because they are less expensive to operate. They have many ways of funding so the burden is not only on the government. Overcrowding is lessened by offering prison education programs that make possible offenders aware of the lifestyle in prison and by o ffering many different programs that accept numerous offenders. The offender learns accountability and the programs are individualized so the offender can gain the maximum rehabilitation. There are some that may oppose the community based correction programs because they may be scared for the safety of the community. The programs may be hard to place in the community due to locations of schools and businesses and some people may be worried about the property value. Even with these objections the community based correction programs have proven to be more beneficial than a correctional institution. â€Æ' References (2010, 2008, 2007). In J. J. Macionis, Sociology —Thirteenth ed. Upper Saddle River,: Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall,. Crime Reduction: Prision Overcrowding. (2003-04). Retrieved from American Community Corrections Institute: http://www.accilifeskills.com/prison/overcrowding.php Marion, P. N. (2002, November). Community Corrections in Ohio: Cost Savings and Program Effectiveness. Retrieved from Justice Policy: http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents.ohio_community.pdf John Byrne & Donald Yanich, 1982. â€Å"Incarceration Vs. Community-Based Corrections: More Than Just Politics ,† Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 2(2), pages 216-223, November. Watson, R. (2012). Benifits of Community Corrections. Retrieved from Hamilton County, Indiana: http://www.hamiltoncounty.in.gov/topic/?topicid=165&structureid=9 (2011, 01). Community Based Corrections. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 01, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Community-Based-Corrections-555395.html

Islamic Banking Practices Compared to Conventional Banking...

Introduction The co-existence of conventional banking along with Islamic banking gives an exceptional platform to compare Islamic banking practices with those of conventional banking practices. It is clearly known that Islamic banks are different from those of conventional banks since they do not deal with interest (Riba), i.e. usury, which is totally banned in Islam. In other words, banks are not allowed to take an interest rate on the loans given to customers. The concept considered in Islamic banking is the profit-and-loss sharing (PLS) which is based on profit-sharing and joint-venture that goes with Islamic Sharia. In fact, PLS adapts the system of integration in which borrowers share profits and losses with banks with their†¦show more content†¦Importance of the Study The privilege of Islamic banking is that it provides the same services the conventional banks provide but with the Islamic Sharia. What is more important of this study is to find out more about the profit-and-loss sharing PLS paradigm. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is: (a) to find out the extent of using profit-and-sharing paradigm in Islamic banks in Jordan; (b) to search about the main principles of Islamic interest – free banking and operations compared to interest – based banking system in Jordan; and (c) to compare between conventional deposit rates and Islamic investment rates. This study examines the principles and criteria Islamic banking operates in providing their financial services which make different from those of conventional banks. The Methodology To find out more about the usage of profit-loss sharing paradigm in Islamic banking system, the researcher will consider the long-run relation and the short-run dynamics between conventional deposit rates and Islamic investment rates. To investigate about the profit-and-loss sharing paradigm, we follow (Chong Ming-Hua, 2009) long-run and short-run principles and efficiencies tests to compare the conventional deposit rates with those of Islamic banking rates. The Bivariate Granger Causality Test will be first used to determine the dependent and independent variables of this feature. Two hypotheses will be tested: (a) changes in theShow MoreRelatedIslamic Banking vs. Conventional Banking1586 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic Banking vs. Conventional Banking In most Islamic countries, they tend to practice two types of financing in banking industry which are conventional and Islamic banking. The country like in Malaysia has successfully developed an Islamic banking system that operates in parallel with the conventional banking system. There is similarity between conventional banking and Islamic banking which helps to promote economic growth provided financing services such as credit facilities for business activityRead MoreIslamic Banking vs. Conventional Banking1574 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic Banking vs. Conventional Banking In most Islamic countries, they tend to practice two types of financing in banking industry which are conventional and Islamic banking. The country like in Malaysia has successfully developed an Islamic banking system that operates in parallel with the conventional banking system. There is similarity between conventional banking and Islamic banking which helps to promote economic growth provided financing services such as credit facilities for business activityRead MoreRisk Management For Islamic Banks1717 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral studies such as, [27], [28], [29], [18], [21], highlighted the Risk management for Islamic banks in different countries and the differences between them and Conventional banks. Where [21] conducted a field study of risk management and Islamic banks, where a study on 17 Islamic bank in 10 countries (including Bahrain, Egypt, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates). And suggests that Risk Management for Islamic banks include three basic components: Establ ishing Appropriate Risk Management EnvironmentRead MoreBanking Sectors and Financial Crisis in the UAE and GCC Countries890 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Banking Sectors Financial Crisis in the UAE GCC Countries Chapter Two Table of Contents I. UAE GCC Countries Economy Overview Overview of the Banking Sector. Islamic and conventional Banking principles. The structure of Islamic Banking in UAE GCC Countries Islamic Banks operating in the UAE GCC Countries Central Bank Federal Law II. The financial crisis in the UAE GCC Countries. Causes of the financial crisis. Effects of the financial crisis. Banking Sector beforeRead MoreThe Islamic Financial Services Board Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesWith respect to risk management in Islamic banks, Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB, 2005), [26], issued guiding principles for risk management in Islamic financial institutions, the board pointed out that these guiding complement the general guiding principles issued by the Basel Committee. to cover specific aspects of the institutions of the Islamic financial services. As follows: †¢ Credit Risk: It must be placed, a strategy for financing, using various instruments in compliance with ShariahRead MoreThe Performance Of Islamic Banks Essay2144 Words   |  9 Pagesperformance of Islamic banks in comparison to conventional banks. The performances will be measured over a 5-year period from 2009 to 2015. In comparing Islamic and conventional banks, profitability and liquidity will be examined. Introduction Islamic finance refers to the provision of financial services in accordance with the Shari’ah Islamic law, principles and rules. The principles of which â€Å"emphasise moral and ethical values in all dealings have wide universal appeal† - (Institute Of Islamic BankingRead MoreEffiecieny of Islamic Banking in Malaysia5162 Words   |  21 PagesEfficiency of Islamic Banks in Malaysia Mariani Abdul Majid* NOR GHANI MD. NOR** FATHIN FAIZAH SAID ABSTRACT IN RECENT YEARS, MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC BANKS HAVE TO OPERATE IN AN INCREASINGLY COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT. THIS TREND IS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE AS THE COMPETITION FROM CONVENTIONAL BANKS PICKS UP, PARTLY IN RESPONSE TO THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (AFTA), BUT ALSO IN RESPONSE TO THE GENERAL GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS. HOW ISLAMIC BANKS WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE INCREASED COMPETITIVE PRESSURESRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking3160 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction 1 How Islamic banking system is different from conventional one? 1 Maintenance of CRR/SLR: 4 Project appraisal and evaluation: 4 Basis for collection of deposit 5 Moral Dimension 5 Emphasis on Productivity as compared to credit worthiness 5 Scope of the activities: 6 Guarantee for deposit: 6 Distributive justice and economic stability: 7 Allocate Efficiency: 7 Stability of banking system: 8 Growth of the banking system: 8 EmphasisRead MoreIslamic Bankings Role in Controlling Inflation2780 Words   |  12 PagesISLAMIC BANKING’S ROLE IN CONTROLLING INFLATION ABSTRACT Inflation has become a fact of life in nearly all countries, but it is a very serious problem in the developing countries. As far as commercial banking is concerned, it erodes the value of the depositors savings as well as that of the banks loans. Yet the banking system does not seem to specifically address this problem. This paper makes an attempt at finding a way of compensating for the loss suffered by capital due to inflationRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Towards the Islamic Banking – â€Å"Customer Satisfaction with Islamic Marketing Ethics and Islamic Banking Industry6575 Words   |  27 Pages Apart from that, banking operations are also one of the factors which contribute to the economical growth of a country. The main core business of the banking corporation is being a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. Moreover, a bank also connects the customers that have capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. 1.1 Role of Banking Institutions In addition

Lesson Plan - Differences Between Past and Present

Getting students to talk about the differences between the past and present is a great way to get students using a variety of tenses and cementing their understanding of the differences and time relationships between the past simple, present perfect (continuous), and present simple tenses. This exercise is quite easy for students to understand and helps to get students thinking in the right direction before beginning the task. Lesson Plan Aim: Conversation lesson focusing on the use of the past simple, present perfect, and present simple tensesActivity: Drawing diagrams as a support for conversation in pairsLevel: Intermediate to advanced Outline: Give students the example above or draw a similar example on the board.Read through the example sentences showing the relationship between the two circles (life then and life now).Ask students why you used the various tenses (i.e. past simple, present perfect (continuous), and present simple (continuous).Have students draw two circles. Each circle should have me at the center with a universe of friends, hobbies, relationships, etc. surrounding. One circle is drawn for the past and one drawn for life now.Students break up into pairs and explain their diagrams to each other.Walk around the room and listen to the discussions, take notes on the most common mistakes made.As a follow-up, go through the most common mistakes made by the students to focus on the problems they are still having with certain tenses (i.e. using the present perfect instead of past simple for definite past). Life Then - Life Now Look at the two circles describing life then and life now. Read the sentences below describing how the persons life has changed. For example: In 1994, I lived in New York.Since then, I have moved to Livorno where I have been living for the past five years.In 1994, I had been married to Barbara for four years. Since then, we have had our daughter Katherine. Katherine is three years old.Barbara and I have been married for ten years.I used to play squash twice a week when I lived in New York.Now I play tennis twice a week. I have been playing tennis for over a year.My best friends were Marek and Franco in New York. Now my best friend is Corrado.I loved going to the opera in New York. Now, I love going to museums around Tuscany.I worked at the New York Association for New Americans for two years in New York.Now I work at the British School. I have been working there for over four years. Draw two circles of your own. One describing life a few years ago and one describing life now. Once you have finished, find a partner and describe how your life has changed over the past few years.

The, Siddhartha, By Herman Hesse - 1356 Words

Set in ancient India, Siddhartha, written by Herman Hesse, narrates a soul s quest in pursuit of the answers to humanity s role in this realm. Centered around a Brahmin s son, Siddhartha, Hesse illustrates how powerful society is to both promote and hinder Siddhartha s pilgrimage towards spiritual enlightenment. It is through sin, lust, and profound despair that Siddhartha learned to not resist but to love all as is. Through this mindset of accepting everything, Siddhartha attains Nirvana. â€Å"Siddhartha had one single goal-to become empty, to become empty of thirst, desire, dreams, and sorrow - to let the self-die† (11). As a young Indian, Siddhartha â€Å"suffered thirst,† he thirsted for knowledge. This philosophy leads him on the path of†¦show more content†¦Before, he saw the world as an â€Å"illusive veil†, which he disregarded and ostracized from his thoughts; he saw his Self as Atman, the eternal nature of everything. Now awakened, Siddhartha listened only to the voice within his Self, â€Å"He would only strive after whatever the inward voice commanded him, not tarry anywhere but where the voice advised him† (39), and this voice led him to the town of Kamala and Kamaswami. This town, or society, was very monumental to the development of Siddhartha. It was necessary to isolate himself in this society. Though he was isolated, he felt separated and superior to the people, â€Å" He saw people living in such childish or ani mal-like way† (57), which he laughed at; this was because he had been a Samana, where he had despised money, small pleasures, and trivial honors. Siddhartha viewed the people s lives as a game, which he derived amusement from. While his physical body resided in the town, his real-self â€Å"wandered elsewhere,† invisibly; he had remained a Samana at heart. But, over the years he became enveloped in comfortable living. He hardly noticed the years passing as he had become rich, possessed both a house and servants. His glorious awakening and the prominent voice within him slowly became a memory, â€Å"had passed.† His ascetic philosophy slowly died as well. Siddhartha became accustomed to fine living; â€Å"He had learned to wear fine clothes, toShow MoreRelatedSiddhartha by Herman Hesse875 Words   |  4 Pages Herman Hesse’s novel Siddhartha is a spiritual book about a man who finds himself , during the time when the teachings of Buddha started to evolve . Throughout this spiritual novel, there are many recurring symbols, themes, and strong bonds between the characters. 2. Other than the ferryman Vasudeva helping Siddhartha,the river helps Siddhartha with his path toward enlightenment. The river serves as the instructor in Siddhartha’s journey when he abandons his wealth and leaves the Samanas. TheRead MoreEssay on River in Siddhartha by Herman Hesse753 Words   |  4 PagesRiver in Siddhartha by Herman Hesse The river is a source of knowledge. It symbolises a teacher, a guru, one who knows and is aware of this knowledge and who imparts it to those who seek knowledge from it. In Herman Hesse’s novella Siddhartha, the protagonist Siddhartha is deeply mystified by the secrets and puzzles of the river. He seeks to unravel and them and gain knowledge from the river in order to achieve his goal of attaining nirvana, enlightenment. He is helped in his courseRead MoreDifferent Paths of Enlightenment in Siddhartha by Herman Hesse764 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Siddhartha, Herman Hesse demonstrations the different paths to enlightenment through the use of memorable characters such as Siddhartha and Govinda. Siddhartha and Govinda were the sons of Brahmins and thus grew up basked in the ways of religion. The boys were constantly praying and listening to teachings of the teachers in their town. Because of this, they are closer to enlightenment, or the knowledge of self, sought by everyone around them. Siddhartha believes that life has moreRead MoreSimilarities in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Siddhartha as Portrayed by an Unknown Author and Herman Hesse2644 Words   |  11 PagesSimilarities in The_ Epic of Gilgamesh_ and Siddhartha As portrayed by an unknown author and Herman Hesse Both Siddhartha and Gilgamesh believe in themselves, they do not let others define them or make decisions for them. Siddhartha demonstrates that he has strong will from the very beginning of the novel. He is taught by the Samana even though the teachings he received up to this point in his life say that the Samana’s wayis the wrong religion. â€Å"It is not fitting for a Brahmin to speak angryRead MoreSimilarities in The Epic of Gilgamesh and Siddhartha As portrayed by an unknown author and Herman Hesse2803 Words   |  12 PagesSiddharthaAs portrayed by an unknown author and Herman HesseTwo people who lived in very different times can still share the same beliefs and journeys to find the meaning of life. That is the case with Herman Hesses Siddhartha and the Babylonian text The Epic of Gilgamesh. The protagonists who live in very different times; Siddhartha lived around 625 BCE and Gilgamesh in 2700 BCE, but they follow the same journey to understand themselves and life. S iddhartha and The epic of Gilgamesh were written in twoRead MoreSiddhartha Paper1214 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Siddhartha by Herman Hesse eastern precepts are well described, giving us a good understanding of their religion. He leads his main character Siddhartha through a journey to find inner enlightenment within the teachings of Buddhism. Grown from a high-class family, Siddhartha decides to leave town in order to find his way in life. But it didn’t take long for him to come across challenges that he would have to now face on his own. He visits the Buddha along his journey and finds that evenRead MoreRole of Kamala in Hermann Hesses Siddhartha1300 Words   |  6 PagesSiddhartha’s journey in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha. | | | | Name: Andy Sun Candidate Code: 001106-031 Session: May 2011 School: Và ¤xjà ¶ Katedralskola, Sweden Word Count: 1139 Siddhartha: the role of Kamala Statement of intent: The novel Siddhartha written by Hermann Hesse is a philosophical novel that explores the journey of life and to enlightenment. This is done through the narration of the life of a young boy – the eponymous Siddhartha by a third-person omniscient narratorRead More Siddhartha Essay: Use of Form, Symbolism, and Conflict1240 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Form, Symbolism, and Conflict in Siddhartha  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hermann Hesse uses the literary devices of form, symbolism, and conflict to develop his novel, Siddhartha.    Hermann Hesses novel, Siddhartha, is a novel of classical symmetry, a perfection achieved (Hermann Hesse 25).   It tells the story of a young man who sets out to find his true self.   Throughout his journey, Siddhartha converts to various religions, searching for the one religion that will help him discover his identityRead More The Use of Nature in Siddhartha and A Doll’s House Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Nature in Siddhartha and A Doll’s House Herman Hesse and Henrik Ibsen make extensive references to and use of nature in their respective masterpieces, Siddhartha and A Doll’s House. This includes the use of nature as imagery, symbolism, and to create a motif. While the objects in nature do differ because of the location of the stories, there is also overlap. In Siddhartha Herman Hesse refers to two symbols of nature, birds and water, specifically the river. The first referenceRead More Siddhartha Essays: Form, Style, and Content738 Words   |  3 PagesForm, Style, and Content in Siddhartha   Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Mileck asserts in Hermann Hesse: Life and Art that Siddhartha is a perfect exemplification of what he calls, conscious craftsmanship. For Mileck, Hesse consciously synchronized form and substance in Siddhartha to best illustrate a feeling of unity and the journey through the mind, body, and soul. In Siddhartha, Hesse consciously crafted a piece that is unified in form, style, and content, and created an atmosphere in which each one of these

Critical Analysis various programs Free Essays

One of the most essential functions of the state is to provide public welfare and look after the citizens of the country. This is done through the application of various programs aimed at developing the people’s capacity and alleviating others. The success in this task is what, to a great extent, defines the state’s relationship with the citizens and how much people get involved in collaboration with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis various programs or any similar topic only for you Order Now If they don’t get the support of the state, citizens can slip into apathy and become disjoint from matters that require the attention of the whole nation. As the decades have progressed we see significant changes in the way public programs are organized and continuing improvement is necessary to promote efficiency and results. In Hope Unraveled, Richard Harwood states some of his basic observations after conversations with the American people across various states. He makes a good point that the nation is embroiled at most, in the debate regarding republicans and democrats and whether religion should be an important element in the state and does not go any further. When looked at closely, what the nation appears to be eliciting is a general level of distancing from politics and public life. The link between state leaders and the ordinary people is a very frail one and now that the ethos of the people is no longer truly represented in the rhetoric of the politicians, the public is withdrawing itself. This as a result is allowing these leaders to garner political gain for themselves (Harwood, 2005). This perhaps presents the need for some sort of change in the measures adopted for public welfare and other programs initiated by the state. That fragile link between the state and the people needs to be rebuilt which can best be done by improving public management. Kamensky and Burlin, present a very good insight into the measures that could be taken by public managers which stress use of collaborative arrangements. The basic principles of networks and partnerships can be of very important use in this regard. To bring about a so called â€Å"public management revolution† requires some changes in the methods adopted. Productivity needs to be stressed on through all levels of public services (Kamensky, 2005). This has been the hallmark of the private sector and perhaps it is now a time for increased dependence on it by the public sector. Another change drastically needed is reducing the centralization and allowing more entrustment at the sub national level so application is left more to those at the grass roots, better able to respond to changing conditions. The centre could focus more on the creation of public policy and making sure the smaller, semi-autonomous units are held accountable for their measures. The core beliefs surrounding the need for this public management revolution are culminating in public managers opting to replace the traditional bureaucratic organizational structure and to engage in the provision of public services with new and creative ways. A few ways of doing this is contracting out services to third parties and collections of public, nonprofit, and for-profit organizations, instead of a bureaucratic hierarchy. These contractual relationships can help develop linkages between organizations, although it would be significantly different from a network. Networks may be funded by grants, contracts, or fee-for-service arrangements, but they use collaboration as a way of dealing with problems in a coordinated fashion that would be impossible for just one organization. The idea behind contracting is exactly the opposite of collaboration—competition, where two or more organizations are forced to compete for the contract. The network logic is that collaboration is needed to deal with problems that don’t fit neatly within the boundaries of a single organization. This creation of a so called networked form of governance has been the ultimate result of contracts and decentralization (Harwood, 2005). Collaborative networks are the best methods for tackling public management problems like homelessness and child welfare. The problems mentioned above that have to be tackled by public agencies are interrelated to a great extent and in most occasions, are bigger than what one single, unconnected agency can handle. Effective management is important in the case of dealing with networks but the benefits accumulated from them are resoundingly high. A connected series of jobs can be fulfilled that may otherwise prove overwhelming. The network is disjointedly different from other forms such as a bureaucratic structure but their ability to aid in problem solving; despite their complex make up is what makes them important for improving public management. Certain precautions need to be taken for networks to be successful. They can result in failure if effective management is not available. There is not much significant research available in this regard. However it is still important to be stressed upon with public managers being provided a certain level of understanding of what needs to be done for increased ability of networks to achieve success. Schorr is an advocate making use of the ability of networks and the lessening of the bureaucratic hierarchical structure that was slowly emerging. According to her, public programs have to be â€Å"comprehensive, flexible, responsive and persevering† to be effective. This is best achieved by the decentralization that has been stressed upon before and letting the people at the grass roots handle what they are adept at. These public programs also require clear objectives and the availability of sufficient resources (Schorr, 1998). There may never have been a need for thinking about the advantages of networking for public services if earlier trends had continued. Before, as Schorr examined, there were slowly emerging small but viable public programs that were actually making headway in dealing with social problems. Unemployment and issues such as teen pregnancy were effectively being handled and great things could have been expected from these programs but many of these creative ideas soon came under the stranglehold of bureaucracy. Once caught, these programs slipped into obscurity and lost their luster. Part of the responsibility for the slip in public management and the adverse results can be attributed to the public. The modern day citizens can be seen to possess a deep seeded anger with public life and politics in general. There was some level of care about the public realm but in general, most felt manipulated by lobbying techniques and spin meisters. Over time this even developed into frustration as many saw big issues being deliberated upon but too little concern being shown for their issues. This was complimented by the failure of public programs that were bogged down by the bureaucratic hierarchical structure. Even the news was dominated by scandals and power politics that did not fit public concern anywhere in its fold. Thus when the people were immensely frustrated with public life, they began to withdraw to their own personal abode where they attempted to get away from the manipulative power of media and the political lobbyists and spin meisters. September 11 was one event that gathered the nation together with promises of engaging citizens, inception of new welfare programs and perhaps the emergence of more practical news in the media. It could have been the starting point of a process of change, a catalyst for greater trust and involvement in public life. That golden opportunity was eventually lost as well as the nation continued its retreat away from the public sphere and slipped further away. Success of public programs depends to a great extent on the involvement of citizens. This requires certain notions of public good and awareness. That was just the thing being lost from the nation’s shared lives. However great the frustration is with a particular cause, the health of a democracy and the effectiveness of its public programs requires more than just a good voter turnout. It requires keen interest in public life and involvement in every sphere. This â€Å"me first† philosophy needs to change if public program are to be salvaged. Building networks and partnerships is one thing but not every organizational move can result in success. It requires belief and the willingness to go the extra mile. This other path can lead the nation to create a more vibrant and robust public life. This requires a reevaluation of how the general public evaluates and puts into practice the public programs. It is a translation of the belief that people actually want to get involved and make a difference. They want to step forward to improve their surroundings and bring about change in society. When things start improving on one end, it tends to produce a ripple effect that spreads across various rungs of the public infrastructure (Bardach, 1998). For philanthropy, this approach has immediate and concrete implications. This approach needs a particular kind of thinking that focuses on going beyond the creation of single projects or singular objectives. It requires putting hope in workable projects that themselves become shining stars to follow and emulate. This creates a feel good factor within the framework of the public administration and involves the people further as well. It has to be kept in mind that such singular projects alone can not halt particular trends or lead to improvement at large. Supporting singular successful projects only works well if it is paired with more initiative and the drive to continue producing measurable results from public programs which actually allows a new trend to establish roots and cement the change process. What needs to be taken care of here is that the change being aimed for does not just provide short term gain and results in an increase in competition within communities in the nation. The benefits of singular projects that turn out successful may not accrue to all in the short term or even in the near future but it does lead to establishment of change. This requires patience which if not fostered, could result in acrimonious feelings within the communities (Tom, 2007). The challenge is that in the current culture of opposition, our very public structures, relationships, networks, leaders and norms are not amenable or hospitable to supporting an alternate path. This creates certain uphill tasks. As some analysts point out, real and sustainable change can only be garnered with the presence of the right mechanism. This has been founding wanting in large parts of the society and even the catalysts for change are now hard to discover and capitalize on. The years of stagnation with regard to public life has created a gap on how actually to best engage people and lead to an acceptable level of progress in public programs. It proves inherently difficult thus, to seek out ways to overcome the existent adverse conditions that hold progress. There is a need for creation of an alternate path in society, one that ignites a sense of possibility and hope. This path requires bringing together all the steps that have been deliberated above. The first is the development of civic minded organizations which go beyond the society’s divisive elements and actually involve the people as such, enabling them to engage. The needs of the hour is innovation and persistence on the part of the administrators as constructing something new and workable like that is not very quickly done. Such organizations if successfully constructed can serve as central beacons of hope that can be the stepping stone for increased engagement in public life and alleviating some of the withdrawal that has plagued the nation. These organizations themselves also need to bank on networks and partnerships with the private sector and with other public entities so as to maintain efficiency and help increase credibility of the public management. This has to be complemented with the creation of leaders, emerging both from within society and the public sphere who can help this cycle of sustainable change to continue and also make sure that the complex partnerships and networks that come into place for problems solving work well and do not expire, leading the nation back to the trend it so desperately needs to halt. Works Cited Bardach, Eugene (1998). Getting Agencies to Work Together. Brookings Institution Press. Kamensky, John M (2004). Collaboration. Rowman Littlefield. Richard, Harwood (2005). Hope Unravelled. Kettering Foundation Press. Schorr, Lisbeth (1998). Common Purpose. Anchor. Tom, Christensen (2007). Transcending New Public Management . Ashgate Publishing. How to cite Critical Analysis various programs, Papers

Current Status of Malaria Vaccinology Essay Example For Students

Current Status of Malaria Vaccinology Essay In order to assess the current status of malaria vaccinology one must first takean overview of the whole of the whole disease. One must understand the diseaseand its enormity on a global basis. Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases are reported perannum. In tropical Africa alone more than 1 million children under the age offourteen die each year from Malaria. From these figures it is easy to see thateradication of this disease is of the utmost importance. The disease is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium These four are P. falciparium, P .malariae, P .vivax and P .ovale. Malaria does not only effecthumans, but can also infect a variety of hosts ranging from reptiles to monkeys. It is therefore necessary to look at all the aspects in order to assess thepossibility of a vaccine. The disease has a long and complex life cycle which creates problems forimmunologists. The vector for Malaria is the Anophels Mosquito in which the lifecycle of Malaria both begins and ends. The parasitic protozoan enters thebloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. During her feeding shetransmits a small amount of anticoagulant and haploid sporozoites along withsaliva. The sporozoites head directly for the hepatic cells of the liver wherethey multiply by asexual fission to produce merozoites. These merozoites can nowtravel one of two paths. They can go to infect more hepatic liver cells or theycan attach to and penetrate erytherocytes. When inside the erythrocytes theplasmodium enlarges into uninucleated cells called trophozites The nucleus ofthis newly formed cell then divides asexually to produce a schizont, which has6-24 nuclei. Now the multinucleated schizont then divides to produce mononucleated merozoites. Eventually the erythrocytes reaches lysis and as result the merozoites enterthe bloodstream and infect more erythrocytes. This cycle repeats itself every48-72 hours (depending on the species of plasmodium involved in the originalinfection) The sudden release of merozoites toxins and erythrocytes debris iswhat causes the fever and chills associated with Malaria. Of course the disease must be able to transmit itself for survival. This is doneat the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Occasionally merozoitesdifferentiate into macrogametocytes and microgametocytes. This process does notcause lysis and there fore the erythrocyte remains stable and when the infectedhost is bitten by a mosquito the gametocytes can enter its digestive systemwhere they mature in to sporozoites, thus the life cycle of the plasmodium isbegun again waiting to infect its next host. At present people infected with Malaria are treated with drugs such asChloroquine, Amodiaquine or Mefloquine. These drugs are effective at eradicatingthe exoethrocytic stages but resistance to them is becoming increasing common. Therefore a vaccine looks like the only viable option. The wiping out of the vector i.e. Anophels mosquito would also prove as aneffective way of stopping disease transmission but the mosquito are alsobecoming resistant to insecticides and so again we must look to a vaccine as asolutionHaving read certain attempts at creating a malaria vaccine several points becomeclear. The first is that is the theory of Malaria vaccinology a viable concept?I found the answer to this in an article published in Nature from July 1994 byChristopher Dye and Geoffrey Targett. They used the MMR (Measles Mumps andRubella) vaccine as an example to which they could compare a possible Malariavaccine Their article said that simple epidemiological theory states that thecritical fraction (p) of all people to be immunised with a combined vaccine(MMR) to ensure eradication of all three pathogens is determined by theinfection that spreads most quickly through the population; that is by the ageof one with the largest basic case reproduction number Ro. In case the of MMR this is measles with Ro of around 15 which implies that p 1-1/Ro0.93Gupta et al points out that if a population of malaria parasite consists of acollection of pathogens or strains that have the same properties as commonchildhoodviruses, the vaccine coverage would be determined by the strain withthe largest Ro rather than the Ro of the whole parasite population. Whileestimates of the latter have been as high as 100, the former could be much lower. Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System EssayFinally we reach the last and by far the most promising, prevalent andcontroversial candidate vaccine. This I found continually mentioned throughoutseveral scientific magazines. Science (Jan 95) and Vaccine (95) were twowhich had no bias reviews and so the following information is taken from these. The vaccine to which I am referring to is the SPf66 vaccine. This vaccine hascaused much controversy and raised certain dilemmas. It was invented by aColombian physician and chemist called Manual Elkin Patarroyo and it is thefirst of its kind. His vaccine could prove to be one the few effective weaponsagainst malaria, but has run into a lot of criticism and has split the malariaresearch community. Some see it as an effective vaccine that has proven itselfin various tests whereas others view as of marginal significance and say morestudy needs to be done before a decision can be reached on its widespread use. Recent trials have shown some promise. One trial carried by Patarroyo and hisgroup in Columbia during 1990 and 1991 showed that the vaccine cut malariaepisodes by over 39 % and first episodes by 34%. Another trail which wascompleted in 1994 on Tanzanian children showed that it cut the incidence offirst episodes by 31%. It is these results that have caused the rift withinresearch areas. Over the past 20 years, vaccine researchers have concentrated mainly on theearly stages of the parasite after it enters the body in an attempt to blockinfection at the outset (as mentioned earlier). Patarroyo however, took a morecomplex approach. He spent his time designing a vaccine against the more complexblood stage of the parasite stopping the disease not the infection. Hisdecision to try and create synthetic peptides raised much interest. At the timepeptides were thought capable of stimulating only one part of the immune system;the antibody producing B cells whereas the prevailing wisdom required T cells aswell in order to achieve protective immunity. Sceptics also pounced on the elaborate and painstaking process of eliminationPatarroyo used to find the right peptides. He took 22 immunologicallyinteresting proteins from the malaria parrasite, which he identified usingantibodies from people immune to malaria, and injected these antigens intomonkeys and eventually found four that provided some immunity to malaria. Hethen sequenced these four antigens and reconstructed dozens of short fragmentsof them. Again using monkeys (more than a thousand) he tested these peptidesindividually and in combination until he hit on what he considered to be thejackpot vaccine. But the WHO a 31% rate to be in the grey area and so there isstill no decision on its use. In conclusion it is obvious that malaria is proving a difficult disease toestablish an effective and cheap vaccine for in that some tests and inconclusiveand others while they seem to work do not reach a high enough standard. Buthaving said that I hope that a viable vaccine will present itself in the nearfuture (with a little help from the scientific world of course). Category: Science